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Yasuni Biosphere Reserve
The privileged location of the Yasuni between: the Andes, the Western Amazon Basin and the Equator make the Ecuador’s most interesting wilderness for Mankind: the Yasuni Biosphere Reserve; home of the extraordinary biodiversity and a recently contacted Amazonian indigenous group known as the Huaorani; relatives of the Waoranis, the Tagaeri and Taromenane, still live in voluntary isolation deep in the reserve.
The Yasuní Biosphere Reserve also sits atop large reserves of crude oil, Ecuador’s chief export, and contains an abundance of valuable timber species. This volatile combination has led to intense conflicts, and subsequently, increased international interest and concern.
In 1989, the area in and around the original limits of Yasuni National Park was designated as a Man and the Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). The Yasuni Biosphere Reserve. Now covers 16 820 km2, including a 5000 km2 core area. According to UNESCO documents, this core area is centered on the Yasuni and Nushiño Rivers in the northeast section of the park. The rest of the reserve (a 7000 km2 buffer zone and a 4820 km2 transition zone) includes much of the remaining park area and the adjacent Waorani Ethnic Reserve.
The Yasuni Biosphere Reserve is the core of a small, unique area where South America’s plant, amphibian, bird, and mammal species richness centers overlap. Furthermore, the reserve is located within the ‘Core Amazon’, an especially wet region to maintain wet, rainforest conditions as climate change-induced drought intensifies in the Eastern Amazon. Haffer (1969, 1997) postulated that the area in and around the Yasuni Biosphere Reserve was one of several Amazonian forest refugia during dry climatic periods over the past 65 million years, but this hypothesis has now largely been rejected (Mayle et al 2004, Maslin et al 2005).
The Waorani People
The Waorani are Amerindians from the Amazonian Region of Ecuador (Napo, Orellana and Pastaza Provinces) who have marked differences from other ethnic groups from Ecuador. The entire Yasuni Biosphere Reserve region is ancestral Waorani territory, which extends from the Napo River on the north and west, down to the Curaray River in the south and eastward into Peru. This vast territory, which stretches over 20 000 km2, underlies the current limits of Yasuni National Park and the Waorani Ethnic Reserve
Information on Waorani history and distribution prior to the twentieth century is scarce and speculative The Waorani were traditionally a highly mobile, semi-nomadic population of hunter-gatherer horticulturalists. They lived in four warring and widely dispersed groups located on hilltops away from major rivers; the headwaters of the Tiputini River constituted the core of ancestral Waorani territory. Other indigenous groups, mainly the Zaparos, lived along the Tiputini and Curaray rivers in essence surrounding the Waorani. When the Zaparos were suddenly decimated by disease and violent displacement during the rubber boom that hit the region in the late 1800s, the Waorani were able to expand their territory northward to the Napo and southward to the Upper Curaray and Villano rivers. Waorani territory likely reached its greatest extent at the beginning of 20th century.
At least two lines of evidence suggest that the Waorani were quite isolated, even from other indigenous groups in the area, for a long time:
1. – Their language, Wao Terero, is an isolated one without known congeners and with only two known cognates at the time of missionary contact in the late 1950s Wao Terero is considered unique in linguistic construction, with no known similarities with Zaparoan phonology or structure.
2. – The genetic homogeneity of The Waorani also points to a lengthy isolation of their population.
During modern history, there were four major periods of early contact between the Waorani —which translates to ‘the people’ or ‘true human beings’ in Wao Terero— and outsiders encroaching on their territory:
1. – The rubber boom in the late 1800s/early 1900s,
2. – Early oil exploration in the 1940s,
3. – Missionary work starting in the 1950s, and
4. – The oil boom starting in the 1970s.
TINAMOUS | TINAMIDAE | ||||||||
001 | Great Tinamou | Tinamus major | |||||||
002 | White-throated Tinamou | Tinamus guttatus | |||||||
003 | Cinereous Tinamou | Crypturellus cinereus | |||||||
004 | Little Tinamou | Crypturellus soui | |||||||
005 | Undulated Tinamou | Crypturellus undulatus | |||||||
006 | Variegated Tinamou | Crypturellus variegatus | |||||||
007 | Bartlett’s Tinamou | Crypturellus bartletti | |||||||
DARTERS | ANHINGIDAE | ||||||||
008 | Anhinga | Anhinga anhinga | |||||||
DUCKS, GEESE & SWANS | ANATIDAE | ||||||||
009 | Blue-winged Teal | Anas discors | |||||||
HERONS, BITTERNS, EGRETS | ARDEIDAE | ||||||||
010 | Rufescent Tiger-Heron | Tigrisoma lineatum | |||||||
011 | Cocoi Heron | Ardea cocoi | |||||||
012 | Great Egret | Ardea alba | |||||||
013 | Snowy Egret | Egretta thula | |||||||
014 | Little Blue Heron | Egretta caerulea | |||||||
015 | Cattle Egret | Bubulcus ibis | |||||||
016 | Striated Heron | Butorides striatus | |||||||
017 | Agami Heron | Agamia agami | |||||||
018 | Capped Heron | Pilherodius pileatus | |||||||
019 | Boat-billed Heron | Cochlearius cochlearius | |||||||
IBISES & SPOONBILLS | THRESKIORNITHIDAE | ||||||||
020 | Bare-faced Ibis | Phimosus infuscatus | |||||||
021 | Green Ibis | Mesembrinibis cayennensis | |||||||
AMERICAN VULTURES | CATHARTIDAE | ||||||||
022 | King Vulture | Sarcoramphus papa | |||||||
023 | Black Vulture | Coragyps atratus | |||||||
024 | Turkey Vulture | Cathartes aura | |||||||
025 | Greater Yellow-headed Vulture | Cathartes melambrotus | |||||||
KITES, EAGLES, HAWKS | ACCIPITRIDAE | ||||||||
026 | Osprey | Pandion haliaetus | |||||||
027 | Gray-headed Kite | Leptodon cayanensis | |||||||
028 | Hook-billed Kite | Chondrohierax uncinatus | |||||||
029 | Swallow-tailed Kite | Elanoides forficatus | |||||||
030 | Snail Kite | Rostrhamus sociabilis | |||||||
031 | Pearl Kite | Gampsonyx swainsonii | |||||||
032 | Double-toothed Kite | Harpagus bidentatus | |||||||
033 | Plumbeous Kite | Ictinia plumbea | |||||||
034 | Tiny Hawk | Accipiter superciliosus | |||||||
035 | Bicolored Hawk | Accipiter bicolor | |||||||
036 | Gray-bellied Hawk | Accipiter poliogaster | |||||||
037 | Crane Hawk | Geranospiza caerulescens | |||||||
038 | Slate-colored Hawk | Leucopternis schistacea | |||||||
039 | Black-faced Hawk | Leucopternis melanops | |||||||
040 | White Hawk | Leucopternis albicollis | |||||||
041 | Great Black-Hawk | Buteogallus urubitinga | |||||||
042 | Riverside Hawk | Buteo magnirostris | |||||||
043 | Crested Eagle | Morphnus guianensis | |||||||
044 | Harpy Eagle | Harpia harpyja | |||||||
045 | Black Hawk-Eagle | Spizaetus tyrannus | |||||||
046 | Ornate Hawk-Eagle | Spizaetus ornatus | |||||||
047 | Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle | Spizaetus melanoleucus | |||||||
FALCONS & CARACARAS | FALCONIDAE | ||||||||
048 | Black Caracara | Daptrius ater | |||||||
049 | Red-throated Caracara | Ibycter americanus | |||||||
050 | Yellow-headed Caracara | Milvago chimachima | |||||||
051 | Barred Forest-Falcon | Micrastur ruficollis | |||||||
052 | Lined Forest-Falcon | Micrastur gilvicollis | |||||||
053 | Slaty-backed Forest-Falcon | Micrastur mirandollei | |||||||
054 | Collared Forest-Falcon | Micrastur semitorquatus | |||||||
055 | Buckley’s Forest-Falcon | Micrastur buckleyi | |||||||
056 | Laughing Falcon | Herpetotheres cachinnans | |||||||
057 | Bat Falcon | Falco rufigularis | |||||||
CURASSOWS & GUANS | CRACIDAE | ||||||||
058 | Speckled Chachalaca | Ortalis guttata | |||||||
059 | Spix’s Guan | Penelope jacquacu | |||||||
060 | Common Piping-Guan | Pipile pipile | |||||||
061 | Nocturnal Curassow | Nothocrax urumutum | |||||||
062 | Salvin’s Curassow | Mitu salvini | |||||||
NEW WORLD QUAILS | ODONTOPHORIDAE | ||||||||
063 | Marbled Wood-Quail | Odontophorus gujanensis | |||||||
RAILS & GALLINULES | RALLIDAE | ||||||||
064 | Rufous-sided Crake | Laterallus melanophaius | |||||||
065 | Black-banded Crake | Laterallus fasciatus | |||||||
066 | Chestnut-headed Crake | Anurolimnas castaneiceps | |||||||
067 | Gray-necked Wood-Rail | Aramides cajanea | |||||||
068 | Purple Gallinule | Porphyrula martinica | |||||||
069 | Azure Gallinule | Porphyrula flavirostris | |||||||
SUNBITTERN | EURYPYGIDAE | ||||||||
070 | Sunbittern | Eurypyga helias | |||||||
FINFOOTS | HELIORNITHIDAE | ||||||||
071 | Sungrebe | Heliornis fulica | |||||||
LIMPKIN | ARAMIDAE | ||||||||
072 | Limpkin | Aramus guarauna | |||||||
TRUMPETERS | PSOPHIIDAE | ||||||||
073 | Gray-winged Trumpeter | Psophia crepitans | |||||||
JACANAS | JACANIDAE | ||||||||
074 | Wattled Jacana | Jacana jacana | |||||||
SANDPIPERS & SNIPES | SCOLOPACIDAE | ||||||||
075 | Solitary Sandpiper | Tringa solitaria | |||||||
076 | Spotted Sandpiper | Actitis macularia | |||||||
PLOVERS & LAPWINGS | CHARADRIIDAE | ||||||||
077 | Southern Lapwing | Vanellus chilensis | |||||||
078 | Pied Plover | Hoploxypterus cayanus | |||||||
079 | Collared Plover | Charadrius collaris | |||||||
GULLS & TERNS | LARIDAE | ||||||||
080 | Laughing Gull | Larus atricilla | |||||||
PIGEONS & DOVES | COLUMBIDAE | ||||||||
081 | Rock Pigeon | Columba livia | |||||||
082 | Ruddy Pigeon | Columba subvinacea | |||||||
083 | Plumbeous Pigeon | Columba plumbea | |||||||
084 | Ruddy Ground-Dove | Columbina talpacoti | |||||||
085 | Blue Ground-Dove | Claravis pretiosa | |||||||
086 | Gray-fronted Dove | Leptotila rufaxilla | |||||||
087 | Sapphire Quail-Dove | Geotrygon saphirina | |||||||
088 | Ruddy Quail-Dove | Geotrygon montana | |||||||
PARROTS & MACAWS | PSITTACIDAE | ||||||||
089 | Blue-and-yellow Macaw | Ara ararauna | |||||||
090 | Scarlet Macaw | Ara macao | |||||||
091 | Red-and-green Macaw | Ara chloroptera | |||||||
092 | Chestnut-fronted Macaw | Ara severa | |||||||
093 | Red-bellied Macaw | Orthopsittaca manilata | |||||||
094 | White-eyed Parakeet | Aratinga leucophthalmus | |||||||
095 | Dusky-headed Parakeet | Aratinga weddellii | |||||||
096 | Maroon-tailed Parakeet | Pyrrhura melanura | |||||||
097 | Blue-winged Parrotlet | Forpus crassirostris | |||||||
098 | Dusky-billed Parrotlet | Forpus sclateri | |||||||
099 | Cobalt-winged Parakeet | Brotogeris cyanoptera | |||||||
100 | Sapphire-rumped Parrotlet | Touit purpurata | |||||||
101 | Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet | Touit huetii | |||||||
102 | Black-headed Parrot | Pionites melanocephala | |||||||
103 | Orange-cheeked Parrot | Pionopsitta barrabandi | |||||||
104 | Blue-headed Parrot | Pionus menstruus | |||||||
105 | Yellow-crowned Amazon | Amazona ochrocephala | |||||||
106 | Orange-winged Amazon | Amazona amazonica | |||||||
107 | Mealy Amazon | Amazona farinosa | |||||||
CUCKOOS & ANIS | CUCULIONIDAE | ||||||||
108 | Dark-billed Cuckoo | Coccyzus melacoryphus | |||||||
109 | Squirrel Cuckoo | Piaya cayana | |||||||
110 | Black-bellied Cuckoo | Piaya melanogaster | |||||||
111 | Little Cuckoo | Piaya minuta | |||||||
112 | Greater Ani | Crotophaga major | |||||||
113 | Smooth-billed Ani | Crotophaga ani | |||||||
114 | Pheasant Cuckoo | Dromococcyx phasianellus | |||||||
115 | Rufous-vented Ground-Cuckoo | Neomorphus geoffroyi | |||||||
HOATZIN | OPISTHOCOMIDAE | ||||||||
116 | Hoatzin | Opisthocomus hoazin | |||||||
TYPICAL OWLS | STRIGAIDAE | ||||||||
117 | Tropical Screech-Owl | Otus choliba | |||||||
118 | Tawny-bellied Screech-Owl | Otus watsonii | |||||||
119 | Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl | Glaucidium brasilianum | |||||||
120 | Crested Owl | Lophostrix cristata | |||||||
121 | Spectacled Owl | Pulsatrix perspicillata | |||||||
122 | Black-banded Owl | Strix huhula | |||||||
POTOOS | NYCTIBIIDAE | ||||||||
123 | Great Potoo | Nyctibius grandis | |||||||
124 | Long-tailed Potoo | Nyctibius aethereus | |||||||
125 | Common Potoo | Nyctibius griseus | |||||||
126 | Rufous Potoo | Nyctibius bracteatus | |||||||
NIGHTJARS & NIGHTHAWKS | CAPRIMULGIDAE | ||||||||
127 | Short-tailed Nighthawk | Lurocalis semitorquatus | |||||||
128 | Common Nighthawk | Chordeiles minor | |||||||
129 | Pauraque | Nyctidromus albicollis | |||||||
130 | Ocellated Poorwill | Nyctiphrynus ocellatus | |||||||
131 | Ladder-tailed Nightjar | Hydropsalis climacocerca | |||||||
SWIFTS | APODIDAE | ||||||||
132 | White-collared Swift | Streptoprocne zonaris | |||||||
133 | Short-tailed Swift | Chaetura brachyura | |||||||
134 | Gray-rumped Swift | Chaetura cinereiventris | |||||||
135 | Pale-rumped Swift | Chaetura egregia | |||||||
136 | Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift | Panyptila cayennensis | |||||||
137 | Neotropical Palm-Swift | Tachornis squamata | |||||||
HUMMINGBIRDS | TROCHILIDAE | ||||||||
138 | Rufous-breasted Hermit | Glaucis hirsuta | |||||||
139 | Pale-tailed Barbthroat | Threnetes leucurus | |||||||
140 | Great-billed Hermit | Phaethornis malaris | |||||||
141 | White-bearded Hermit | Phaethornis hispidus | |||||||
142 | Straight-billed Hermit | Phaethornis bourcieri | |||||||
143 | Reddish Hermit | Phaethornis ruber | |||||||
144 | Black-throated Hermit | Phaethornis atrimentalis | |||||||
145 | Buff-tailed Sicklebill | Eutoxeres condamini | |||||||
146 | Fiery-tailed Awbill | Avocettula recurvirostris | |||||||
147 | Gray-breasted Sabrewing | Campylopterus largipennis | |||||||
148 | White-necked Jacobin | Florisuga mellivora | |||||||
149 | Black-throated Mango | Anthracothorax nigricollis | |||||||
150 | Black-bellied Thorntail | Popelairia langsdorffi | |||||||
151 | Golden-tailed Sapphire | Chrysuronia oenone | |||||||
152 | Fork-tailed Woodnymph | Thalurania furcata | |||||||
153 | Glittering-throated Emerald | Amazilia fimbriata | |||||||
154 | Black-throated Brilliant | Heliodoxa schreibersii | |||||||
155 | Gould’s Jewelfront | Heliodoxa aurescens | |||||||
156 | Fiery Topaz | Topaza pyra | |||||||
157 | Black-eared Fairy | Heliothryx aurita | |||||||
TROGONS & QUETZALS | TROGONIDAE | ||||||||
158 | Pavonine Quetzal | Pharomachrus pavoninus | |||||||
159 | Black-tailed Trogon | Trogon melanurus | |||||||
160 | Amazonian White-tailed Trogon | Trogon viridis | |||||||
161 | Collared Trogon | Trogon collaris | |||||||
162 | Black-throated Trogon | Trogon rufus | |||||||
163 | Blue-crowned Trogon | Trogon curucui | |||||||
164 | Amazonian Violaceous Trogon | Trogon violaceus | |||||||
KINGFISHERS | ALCEDINIDAE | ||||||||
165 | Ringed Kingfisher | Megaceryle torquata | |||||||
166 | Amazon Kingfisher | Chloroceryle amazona | |||||||
167 | Green Kingfisher | Chloroceryle americana | |||||||
168 | Green-and-rufous Kingfisher | Chloroceryle inda | |||||||
169 | American Pygmy Kingfisher | Chloroceryle aenea | |||||||
MOTMOTS | MOMOTIDAE | ||||||||
170 | Broad-billed Motmot | Electron platyrhynchum | |||||||
171 | Rufous Motmot | Baryphthengus martii | |||||||
172 | Blue-crowned Motmot | Momotus momota | |||||||
JACAMARS | GALBULIDAE | ||||||||
173 | White-eared Jacamar | Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis | |||||||
174 | Brown Jacamar | Brachygalba lugubris | |||||||
175 | Yellow-billed Jacamar | Galbula albirostris | |||||||
176 | Purplish Jacamar | Galbula chalcothorax | |||||||
177 | Great Jacamar | Jacamerops aurea | |||||||
PUFFBIRDS | BUCCONIDAE | ||||||||
178 | White-necked Puffbird | Notharchus macrorhynchos | |||||||
179 | Chestnut-capped Puffbird | Bucco macrodactylus | |||||||
180 | Spotted Puffbird | Bucco tamatia | |||||||
181 | Collared Puffbird | Bucco capensis | |||||||
182 | White-chested Puffbird | Malacoptila fusca | |||||||
183 | Lanceolated Monklet | Micromonacha lanceolata | |||||||
184 | Brown Nunlet | Nonnula brunnea | |||||||
185 | Black-fronted Nunbird | Monasa nigrifrons | |||||||
186 | White-fronted Nunbird | Monasa morphoeus | |||||||
187 | Yellow-billed Nunbird | Monasa flavirostris | |||||||
188 | Swallow-winged Puffbird | Chelidoptera tenebrosa | |||||||
NEW WORLD BARBETS | CAPITONIDAE | ||||||||
189 | Scarlet-crowned Barbet | Capito aurovirens | |||||||
190 | Gilded Barbet | Capito auratus | |||||||
191 | Lemon-throated Barbet | Eubucco richardsoni | |||||||
TOUCANS | RAMPHASTIDAE | ||||||||
192 | Golden-collared Toucanet | Selenidera reinwardtii | |||||||
193 | Chestnut-eared Araçari | Pteroglossus castanotis | |||||||
194 | Many-banded Araçari | Pteroglossus pluricinctus | |||||||
195 | Ivory-billed Araçari | Pteroglossus azara | |||||||
196 | Lettered Araçari | Pteroglossus inscriptus | |||||||
197 | Channel-billed Toucan | Ramphastos vitellinus | |||||||
198 | White-throated Toucan | Ramphastos tucanus | |||||||
WOODPECKERS & PICULETS | PICIDAE | ||||||||
199 | Lafresnaye’s Piculet | Picumnus lafresnayi | |||||||
200 | Spot-breasted Woodpecker | Chrysoptilus punctigula | |||||||
201 | Yellow-throated Woodpecker | Piculus flavigula | |||||||
202 | White-throated Woodpecker | Piculus leucolaemus | |||||||
203 | Golden-green Woodpecker | Piculus chrysochloros | |||||||
204 | Chestnut Woodpecker | Celeus elegans | |||||||
205 | Scale-breasted Woodpecker | Celeus grammicus | |||||||
206 | Cream-colored Woodpecker | Celeus flavus | |||||||
207 | Ringed Woodpecker | Celeus torquatus | |||||||
208 | Rufous-headed Woodpecker | Celeus spectabilis | |||||||
209 | Lineated Woodpecker | Dryocopus lineatus | |||||||
210 | Yellow-tufted Woodpecker | Melanerpes cruentatus | |||||||
211 | Little Woodpecker | Veniliornis passerinus | |||||||
212 | Red-stained Woodpecker | Veniliornis affinis | |||||||
213 | Crimson-crested Woodpecker | Campephilus melanoleucos | |||||||
214 | Red-necked Woodpecker | Campephilus rubricollis | |||||||
OVENBIRDS | FURNARIIDAE | ||||||||
215 | Dark-breasted Spinetail | Synallaxis albigularis | |||||||
216 | Ruddy Spinetail | Synallaxis rutilans | |||||||
217 | Speckled Spinetail | Cranioleuca gutturata | |||||||
218 | Orange-fronted Plushcrown | Metopothrix aurantiacus | |||||||
219 | Point-tailed Palmcreeper | Berlepschia rikeri | |||||||
220 | Eastern Woodhaunter | Hyloctistes subulatus | |||||||
221 | Chestnut-winged Hookbill | Ancistrops strigilatus | |||||||
222 | Chestnut-winged Foliage-gleaner | Philydor erythropterus | |||||||
223 | Cinnamon-rumped Foliage-gleaner | Philydor pyrrhodes | |||||||
224 | Rufous-rumped Foliage-gleaner | Philydor erythrocercus | |||||||
225 | Rufous-tailed Foliage-gleaner | Philydor ruficaudatus | |||||||
226 | Olive-backed Foliage-gleaner | Automolus infuscatus | |||||||
227 | Brown-rumped Foliage-gleaner | Automolus melanopezus | |||||||
228 | Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner | Automolus ochrolaemus | |||||||
229 | Ruddy Foliage-gleaner | Automolus rubiginosus | |||||||
230 | Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner | Automolus rufipileatus | |||||||
231 | Slender-billed Xenops | Xenops tenuirostris | |||||||
232 | Plain Xenops | Xenops minutus | |||||||
233 | Rufous-tailed Xenops | Xenops milleri | |||||||
234 | Short-billed Leaftosser | Sclerurus rufigularis | |||||||
235 | Black-tailed Leaftosser | Sclerurus caudacutus | |||||||
WOODCREEPERS | DENDROCOLAPTIDAE | ||||||||
236 | Plain-brown Woodcreeper | Dendrocincla fuliginosa | |||||||
237 | White-chinned Woodcreeper | Dendrocincla merula | |||||||
238 | Long-tailed Woodcreeper | Deconychura longicauda | |||||||
239 | Spot-throated Woodcreeper | Deconychura stictolaema | |||||||
240 | Wedge-billed Woodcreeper | Glyphorynchus spirurus | |||||||
241 | Olivaceous Woodcreeper | Sittasomus griseicapillus | |||||||
242 | Long-billed Woodcreeper | Nasica longirostris | |||||||
243 | Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper | Dendrexetastes rufigula | |||||||
244 | Amazonian Barred-Woodcreeper | Dendrocolaptes certhia | |||||||
245 | Black-banded Woodcreeper | Dendrocolaptes picumnus | |||||||
246 | Strong-billed Woodcreeper | Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus | |||||||
247 | Straight-billed Woodcreeper | Xiphorhynchus picus | |||||||
248 | Striped Woodcreeper | Xiphorhynchus obsoletus | |||||||
249 | Ocellated Woodcreeper | Xiphorhynchus ocellatus | |||||||
250 | Spix’s Woodcreeper | Xiphorhynchus spixii | |||||||
251 | Buff-throated Woodcreeper | Xiphorhynchus guttatus | |||||||
252 | Lineated Woodcreeper | Lepidocolaptes albolineatus | |||||||
253 | Red-billed Scythebill | Campylorhamphus trochilirostris | |||||||
TYPICAL ANTBIRDS | THAMNOPHILIDAE | ||||||||
254 | Fasciated Antshrike | Cymbilaimus lineatus | |||||||
255 | Undulated Antshrike | Frederickena unduligera | |||||||
256 | Great Antshrike | Taraba major | |||||||
257 | White-shouldered Antshrike | Thamnophilus aethiops | |||||||
258 | Plain-winged Antshrike | Thamnophilus schistaceus | |||||||
259 | Mouse-colored Antshrike | Thamnophilus murinus | |||||||
260 | Pearly Antshrike | Megastictus margaritatus | |||||||
261 | Spot-winged Antshrike | Pygiptila stellaris | |||||||
262 | Dusky-throated Antshrike | Thamnomanes ardesiacus | |||||||
263 | Cinereous Antshrike | Thamnomanes caesius | |||||||
264 | Pygmy Antwren | Myrmotherula brachyura | |||||||
265 | Moustached Antwren | Myrmotherula ignota | |||||||
266 | Amazonian Streaked-Antwren | Myrmotherula multostriata | |||||||
267 | Plain-throated Antwren | Myrmotherula hauxwelli | |||||||
268 | Yasuni Antwren | Myrmotherula fjeldsaai | |||||||
269 | Ornate Antwren | Myrmotherula ornata | |||||||
270 | Rufous-tailed Antwren | Myrmotherula erythrura | |||||||
271 | White-flanked Antwren | Myrmotherula axillaris | |||||||
272 | Long-winged Antwren | Myrmotherula longipennis | |||||||
273 | Rio Suno Antwren | Myrmotherula sunensis | |||||||
274 | Gray Antwren | Myrmotherula menetriesii | |||||||
275 | Dot-winged Antwren | Microrhopias quixensis | |||||||
276 | Dugand’s Antwren | Herpsilochmus dugandi | |||||||
277 | Chestnut-shouldered Antwren | Terenura humeralis | |||||||
278 | Gray Antbird | Cercomacra cinerascens | |||||||
279 | Blackish Antbird | Cercomacra nigrescens | |||||||
280 | Black Antbird | Cercomacra serva | |||||||
281 | Black-faced Antbird | Myrmoborus myotherinus | |||||||
282 | Warbling Antbird | Hypocnemis cantator | |||||||
283 | Yellow-browed Antbird | Hypocnemis hypoxantha | |||||||
284 | Spot-backed Antbird | Hylophylax naevia | |||||||
285 | Dot-backed Antbird | Hylophylax punctulata | |||||||
286 | Scale-backed Antbird | Hylophylax poecilinota | |||||||
287 | Banded Antbird | Dichrozona cincta | |||||||
288 | Spot-winged Antbird | Schistocichla leucostigma | |||||||
289 | Silvered Antbird | Sclateria naevia | |||||||
290 | Black Bushbird | Neoctantes niger | |||||||
291 | Plumbeous Antbird | Myrmeciza hyperythra | |||||||
292 | White-shouldered Antbird | Myrmeciza melanoceps | |||||||
293 | Sooty Antbird | Myrmeciza fortis | |||||||
294 | White-plumed Antbird | Pithys albifrons | |||||||
295 | Bicolored Antbird | Gymnopithys leucaspis | |||||||
296 | Lunulated Antbird | Gymnopithys lunulata | |||||||
297 | Hairy-crested Antbird | Rhegmatorhina melanosticta | |||||||
298 | Black-spotted Bare-eye | Phlegopsis nigromaculata | |||||||
299 | Reddish-winged Bare-eye | Phlegopsis erythroptera | |||||||
300 | Wing-banded Antbird | Myrmornis torquata | |||||||
ANTTHRUSHES & ANTPITTAS | FORMICARIIDAE | ||||||||
301 | Rufous-capped Antthrush | Formicarius colma | |||||||
302 | Black-faced Antthrush | Formicarius analis | |||||||
303 | Striated Antthrush | Chamaeza nobilis | |||||||
304 | Scaled Antpitta | Grallaria guatimalensis | |||||||
305 | Ochre-striped Antpitta | Grallaria dignissima | |||||||
306 | White-lored Antpitta | Hylopezus fulviventris | |||||||
307 | Thrush-like Antpitta | Myrmothera campanisona | |||||||
GNATEATERS | CONOPOPHAGIDAE | ||||||||
308 | Ash-throated Gnateater | Conopophaga peruviana | |||||||
TAPACULOS | RHINOCRYPTIDAE | ||||||||
309 | Rusty-belted Tapaculo | Liosceles thoracicus | |||||||
TYRANT FLYCATCHERS | TYRANNIDAE | ||||||||
310 | Golden-faced Tyrannulet | Zimmerius chrysops | |||||||
311 | White-lored Tyrannulet | Ornithion inerme | |||||||
312 | Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet | Tyrannulus elatus | |||||||
313 | Gray Elaenia | Myiopagis caniceps | |||||||
314 | Forest Elaenia | Myiopagis gaimardii | |||||||
315 | Ochre-bellied Flycatcher | Mionectes oleagineus | |||||||
316 | Ringed Antpipit | Corythopis torquata | |||||||
317 | Short-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant | Myiornis ecaudatus | |||||||
318 | Double-banded Pygmy-Tyrant | Lophotriccus vitiosus | |||||||
319 | White-eyed Tody-Tyrant | Hemitriccus zosterops | |||||||
320 | Zimmer’s Tody-Tyrant | Hemitriccus minimus | |||||||
321 | Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher | Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum | |||||||
322 | Brownish Twistwing | Cnipodectes subbrunneus | |||||||
323 | Rufous-tailed Flatbill | Ramphotrigon ruficauda | |||||||
324 | Olivaceous Flatbill | Rhynchocyclus olivaceus | |||||||
325 | Zimmer’s Flatbill | Tolmomyias assimilis | |||||||
326 | Gray-crowned Flatbill | Tolmomyias poliocephalus | |||||||
327 | Olive-faced Flatbill | Tolmomyias viridiceps | |||||||
328 | Golden-crowned Spadebill | Platyrinchus coronatus | |||||||
329 | White-crested Spadebill | Platyrinchus platyrhynchos | |||||||
330 | Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher | Terenotriccus erythrurus | |||||||
331 | Black-tailed Flycatcher | Myiobius atricaudus | |||||||
332 | Eastern Wood-Pewee | Contopus virens | |||||||
333 | Drab Water-Tyrant | Ochthornis littoralis | |||||||
334 | Long-tailed Tyrant | Colonia colonus | |||||||
335 | Bright-rumped Attila | Attila spadiceus | |||||||
336 | Citron-bellied Attila | Attila citriniventris | |||||||
336 | Cinnamon Attila | Attila cinnamomeus | |||||||
338 | Grayish Mourner | Rhytipterna simplex | |||||||
339 | Eastern Sirystes | Sirystes sibilator | |||||||
340 | Swainson’s Flycatcher | Myarchus swainsoni | |||||||
341 | Dusky-capped Flycatcher | Myiarchus tuberculifer | |||||||
342 | Short-crested Flycatcher | Myiarchus ferox | |||||||
343 | Great Kiskadee | Pitangus sulphuratus | |||||||
344 | Lesser Kiskadee | Philohydor lictor | |||||||
345 | Boat-billed Flycatcher | Megarynchus pitangua | |||||||
346 | Social Flycatcher | Myiozetetes similis | |||||||
347 | Gray-capped Flycatcher | Myiozetetes granadensis | |||||||
348 | Dusky-chested Flycatcher | Myiozetetes luteiventris | |||||||
349 | Streaked Flycatcher | Myiodynastes maculatus | |||||||
350 | Piratic Flycatcher | Legatus leucophaius | |||||||
351 | Crowned Slaty Flycatcher | Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus | |||||||
352 | Yellow-throated Flycatcher | Canopias parva | |||||||
353 | Sulphury Flycatcher | Tyrannopsis sulphurea | |||||||
354 | Tropical Kingbird | Tyrannus melancholicus | |||||||
355 | Eastern Kingbird | Tyrannus tyrannus | |||||||
356 | Chestnut-crowned Becard | Pachyramphus castaneus | |||||||
357 | White-winged Becard | Pachyramphus polychopterus | |||||||
358 | Pink-throated Becard | Pachyramphus minor | |||||||
359 | Black-tailed Tityra | Tityra cayana | |||||||
360 | Black-crowned Tityra | Tityra inquisitor | |||||||
COTINGAS | COTINGIDAE | ||||||||
361 | White-browed Purpletuft | Iodopleura isabellae | |||||||
362 | Cinereous Mourner | Laniocera hypopyrra | |||||||
363 | Screaming Piha | Lipaugus vociferans | |||||||
364 | Plum-throated Cotinga | Cotinga maynana | |||||||
365 | Spangled Cotinga | Cotinga cayana | |||||||
366 | Bare-necked Fruitcrow | Gymnoderus foetidus | |||||||
367 | Purple-throated Fruitcrow | Querula purpurata | |||||||
368 | Black-necked Red-Cotinga | Phoenicircus nigricollis | |||||||
MANAKINS | PIPRIDAE | ||||||||
369 | Golden-headed Manakin | Pipra erythrocephala | |||||||
370 | Wire-tailed Manakin | Pipra filicauda | |||||||
371 | White-crowned Manakin | Dixiphia pipra | |||||||
372 | Blue-crowned Manakin | Lepidothrix coronata | |||||||
373 | Blue-backed Manakin | Chiroxiphia pareola | |||||||
374 | White-bearded Manakin | Manacus manacus | |||||||
375 | Western Striped Manakin | Machaeropterus regulus | |||||||
376 | Green Manakin | Chloropipo holochlora | |||||||
377 | Dwarf Tyrant-Manakin | Tyranneutes stolzmanni | |||||||
378 | Wing-barred Piprites | Piprites chloris | |||||||
379 | Thrush-like Schiffornis | Schiffornis turdinus | |||||||
CROWS, JAYS & MAGPIES | CORVIDAE | ||||||||
380 | Violaceous Jay | Cyanocorax violaceus | |||||||
VIREOS & ALLIES | VIREONIDAE | ||||||||
381 | Red-eyed Vireo | Vireo olivaceus | |||||||
382 | Yellow-green Vireo | Vireo flovoviridis | |||||||
383 | Dusky-capped Greenlet | Hylophilus hypoxanthus | |||||||
384 | Lemon-chested Greenlet | Hylophilus thoracicus | |||||||
385 | Tawny-crowned Greenlet | Hylophilus ochraceiceps | |||||||
THRUSHES | TURDIDAE | ||||||||
386 | Gray-cheeked Thrush | Catharus minimus | |||||||
387 | Swainson’s Thrush | Catharus ustulatus | |||||||
388 | Black-billed Thrush | Turdus ignobilis | |||||||
389 | Lawrence’s Thrush | Turdus lawrencii | |||||||
390 | Hauxwell’s Thrush | Turdus hauxwelli | |||||||
391 | White-necked Thrush | Turdus albicollis | |||||||
SWALLOWS & MARTINS | HIRUNDINIDAE | ||||||||
392 | Brown-chested Martin | Progne tapera | |||||||
393 | Gray-breasted Martin | Progne chalybea | |||||||
394 | Purple Martin | Progne subis | |||||||
395 | White-winged Swallow | Tachycineta albiventer | |||||||
396 | White-banded Swallow | Atticora fasciata | |||||||
397 | White-thighed Swallow | Neochelidon tibialis | |||||||
398 | Southern Rough-winged Swallow | Stelgidopteryx ruficollis | |||||||
WRENS | TROGLODYTIDAE | ||||||||
399 | Black-capped Donacobius | Donacobius atricapillus | |||||||
400 | Thrush-like Wren | Campylorhynchus turdinus | |||||||
401 | Coraya Wren | Thryothorus coraya | |||||||
402 | Buff-breasted Wren | Thryothorus leucotis | |||||||
403 | House Wren | Troglodytes aedon | |||||||
404 | White-breasted Wood-Wren | Henicorhina leucosticta | |||||||
405 | Musician Wren | Cyphorhinus arada | |||||||
406 | Southern Nightingale-Wren | Microcerculus marginatus | |||||||
407 | Wing-banded Wren | Microcerculus bambla | |||||||
GNATCATCHERS & GNATWRENS | POLIOPTILIDAE | ||||||||
408 | Long-billed Gnatwren | Ramphocaenus melanurus | |||||||
409 | Tropical Gnatcatcher | Polioptila plumbea | |||||||
NEW WORLD WARBLERS | PARULIDAE | ||||||||
410 | Blackpoll Warbler | Dendroica striata | |||||||
411 | Canada Warbler | Wilsonia canadensis | |||||||
412 | Buff-rumped Warbler | Basileuterus fulvicauda | |||||||
TANAGERS & ALLIES | THRAUPIDAE | ||||||||
413 | Short-billed Honeycreeper | Cyanerpes nitidus | |||||||
414 | Purple Honeycreeper | Cyanerpes caeruleus | |||||||
415 | Green Honeycreeper | Chlorophanes spiza | |||||||
416 | Blue Dacnis | Dacnis cayana | |||||||
417 | Black-faced Dacnis | Dacnis lineata | |||||||
418 | Yellow-bellied Dacnis | Dacnis flaviventer | |||||||
419 | Yellow-backed Tanager | Hemithraupis flavicollis | |||||||
420 | Thick-billed Euphonia | Euphonia laniirostris | |||||||
421 | Orange-bellied Euphonia | Euphonia xanthogaster | |||||||
422 | White-vented Euphonia | Euphonia minuta | |||||||
423 | Rufous-bellied Euphonia | Euphonia rufiventris | |||||||
424 | White-lored Euphonia | Euphonia chrysopasta | |||||||
425 | Masked Tanager | Tangara nigrocincta | |||||||
426 | Turquoise Tanager | Tangara mexicana | |||||||
427 | Opal-rumped Tanager | Tangara velia | |||||||
428 | Opal-crowned Tanager | Tangara callophrys | |||||||
429 | Paradise Tanager | Tangara chilensis | |||||||
430 | Green-and-gold Tanager | Tangara schrankii | |||||||
431 | Yellow-bellied Tanager | Tangara xanthogastra | |||||||
432 | Bay-headed Tanager | Tangara gyrola | |||||||
433 | Swallow Tanager | Tersina viridis | |||||||
434 | Blue-gray Tanager | Thraupis episcopus | |||||||
435 | Palm Tanager | Thraupis palmarum | |||||||
436 | Silver-beaked Tanager | Ramphocelus carbo | |||||||
437 | Masked Crimson Tanager | Ramphocelus nigrogularis | |||||||
438 | Summer Tanager | Piranga rubra | |||||||
439 | Red-crowned Ant-Tanager | Habia rubica | |||||||
440 | Gray-headed Tanager | Eucometis penicillata | |||||||
441 | Flame-crested Tanager | Tachyphonus cristatus | |||||||
442 | Fulvous-crested Tanager | Tachyphonus surinamus | |||||||
443 | White-shouldered Tanager | Tachyphonus luctuosus | |||||||
444 | Fulvous Shrike-Tanager | Lanio fulvus | |||||||
445 | Magpie Tanager | Cissopis leveriana | |||||||
SALTATORS, GROSBEAKS | CARDINALIDAE | ||||||||
446 | Buff-throated Saltator | Saltator maximus | |||||||
447 | Grayish Saltator | Saltator coerulescens | |||||||
448 | Slate-colored Grosbeak | Saltator grossus | |||||||
449 | Red-capped Cardinal | Paroaria gularis | |||||||
450 | Blue-black Grosbeak | Cyanocompsa cyanoides | |||||||
451 | Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak | Parkerthraustes humeralis | |||||||
EMBERIZINE FINCHES | EMBERIZIDAE | ||||||||
452 | Blue-black Grassquit | Volatinia jacarina | |||||||
453 | Lesser Seed-Finch | Oryzoborus angolensis | |||||||
454 | Black-and-White Seedeater | Sporophila luctuosa | |||||||
455 | Lesson’s Seedeater | Sporophila bouvronides | |||||||
456 | Chestnut-bellied Seedeater | Sporophila castaneiventris | |||||||
457 | Yellow-browed Sparrow | Ammodramus aurifrons | |||||||
ORIOLES & BLACKBIRDS | ICTERIDAE | ||||||||
458 | Yellow-rumped Cacique | Cacicus cela | |||||||
459 | Red-rumped Cacique | Cacicus haemorrhous | |||||||
460 | Solitary Cacique | Cacicus solitarius | |||||||
461 | Casqued Oropendola | Clypicterus oseryi | |||||||
462 | Crested Oropendola | Psarocolius decumanus | |||||||
463 | Russet-backed Oropendola | Psarocolius angustifrons | |||||||
464 | Green Oropendola | Psarocolius viridis | |||||||
465 | Olive Oropendola | Psarocolius bifasciatus | |||||||
466 | Shiny Cowbird | Molothrus bonariensis | |||||||
467 | Giant Cowbird | Scaphidura oryzivora | |||||||
468 | Velvet-fronted Grackle | Lampropsar tanagrinus | |||||||
469 | Moriche Oriole | Icterus chrysocephalus | |||||||
470 | Orange-backed Troupial | Icterus croconotus | |||||||
471 | Red-breasted Blackbird | Sturnella militaris | |||||||
472 | Bobolink | Dolichonyx oryzivorus |